Overview of the Second Punic War of Rome

At the end of the First Punic War, in B.C. 241, Carthage agreed to pay a steep tribute to Rome, but depleting the coffers wasnt enough to devastate the north African nation of traders and merchants: Rome and Carthage would soon fight again. In the interim between the First and Second Punic Wars (also known as the Hannibalic War), the Phoenician hero and military leader Hamilcar Barca conquered much of Spain, while Rome took Corsica. Hamilcar longed to get revenge against the Romans for the defeat in Punic War I. Realizing that wasnt to be, he taught hatred of Rome to his son Hannibal. Hannibal and Second Punic War General The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Leaving 20,000 troops with his brother Hasdrubal, Hannibal went farther north on the Rhone River than the Romans expected and crossed the river with his elephants on flotation devices. He didnt have as much manpower as the Romans, but he counted on the support and alliance of Italian tribes unhappy with Rome. Hannibal reached the Po Valley with less than half his men. He had also encountered unexpected resistance from local tribes, although he did manage to recruit Gauls. This meant he had 30,000 troops by the time he met the Romans in battle. The Battle of Cannae (B.C. 216) Hannibal won battles in Trebia and at Lake Trasimene and then continued through the Apennine Mountains that run down through much of Italy like a spine. With troops from Gaul and Spain on his side, Hannibal won another battle, at Cannae, against Lucius Aemilius. At the Battle of Cannae, the Romans lost thousands of troops, including their leader. The historian Polybius describes both sides as gallant. He writes about the substantial losses: Polybius, The Battle of Cannae Of the infantry 10 thousand were taken prisoners in fair fight, but were not actually engaged in the battle: of those who were actually engaged only about three thousand perhaps escaped to the towns of the surrounding district; all the rest died nobly, to the number of 70 thousand, the Carthaginians being on this occasion, as on previous ones, mainly indebted for their victory to their superiority in cavalry: a lesson to posterity that in actual war it is better to have half the number of infantry, and the superiority in cavalry, than to engage your enemy with an equality in both. On the side of Hannibal there fell four thousand Celts, 15 hundred Iberians and Libyans, and about two hundred horse.   Besides trashing the countryside (which both sides did in an effort to starve the enemy), Hannibal terrorized the towns of southern Italy in an effort to gain allies. Chronologically, Romes First Macedonian War fits in around here (215-205), when Hannibal allied with Philip V of Macedonia. The next general to confront Hannibal was more successful  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  that is, there was no decisive victory. However, the Senate in Carthage refused to send in enough troops to enable Hannibal to win. So Hannibal turned to his brother Hasdrubal for help. Unfortunately for Hannibal, Hasdrubal was killed en route to join him, marking the first decisive Roman victory in the Second Punic War. More than 10,000 Carthaginians died at the Battle of Metaurus in B.C. 207. Scipio and Second Punic War General Meanwhile, Scipio invaded North Africa. The Carthaginian Senate responded by recalling Hannibal. The Romans under Scipio fought the Phoenicians under Hannibal at Zama. Hannibal, who no longer had an adequate cavalry, was unable to follow his preferred tactics. Instead, Scipio routed the Carthaginians using the same strategy Hannibal had used at Cannae. Hannibal put an end to the Second Punic War. Scipios stringent terms of surrender were to: hand over all warships and elephantsnot make war without the permission of Romepay Rome 10,000 talents over the next 50 years. The terms included an additional, difficult proviso: should armed Carthaginians cross a border the Romans drew in the dirt, it automatically meant war with Rome. This meant that the Carthaginians could be put in a position where they might not be able to defend their own interests. Sources Polybius. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE. Ancient History Sourcebook, Fordham University, April 12, 2019. Siculus, Diodorus. Fragments of Book XXIV. Library of History, The University of Chicago, 2019. Titus Livius (Livy). The History of Rome, Book 21. Foster, Benjamin Oliver Ph.D., Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1929. Zonaras. Fragments of Book XII. Cassius Dio Roman History, The University of Chicago, 2019.

Biblical Counseling Essay - 1806 Words

Biblical Counseling vs. Secular Counseling CCOU 201-D11 LOU: Introduction to Christian Counseling Xxxxx X. XXXXXXX L33333333 Liberty University 24 April 2013 There is a need for effective biblical counseling now more than ever. As the world progresses to the stages prophesized anarchy God’s people as well as lost souls need the appropriate direction in life. Crabb clearly states in his introduction that the purpose his book, Effective Biblical Counseling, is to incorporate the principles and aspects of Christian counseling into the local churches (Crabb, 1977, p. 13). The tenets outlined in the text apply sound Biblical doctrine in conjunction with advanced psychological techniques. The intent of this paper is to enable the†¦show more content†¦95). However, the client must choose to allow the Holy Spirit to work in his/her life. God meets our basic need completely. Crabb states that an individual derives a feeling of significance based on who he/she is in Christ (Crabb, 1977, p. 70). God has seen to it that every believer has an integral part in His service. Anyone who accepts Christ as his/her Lord and Savior rec eives God’s most precious gift, which is His unconditional love. God meets our security needs with the most wonderful tenderness, care, and internal fulfillment. Christians are able live life with fullness rather than through deficit motivations (Crabb, 1977, p. 84). No matter what therapy one chooses, he/she may be successful in identifying unmet needs, determining causes and effect of irrational protective behaviors, and maintaining an effective on-going treatment plan but never will have total satisfaction and contentment unless he/she totally surrenders to God (Diagram from 72). Crabb spends a great deal of time discussing how problems develop. He defines the irrational protective behaviors of guilt, anxiety, and resentment as preneurotic experiences (Crabb, 1977, pp. 132 - 133). He further states that it is a preneurotic individual’s objective to overcome his/her obstacle and reach their goal. Complete neurosis occurs when a person develops and presents symptom(s) that would keep him/her from lowering their self-esteem below its current state,Show MoreRelatedTwo Theories of Biblical Counseling Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe book â€Å"How to Help People Change† written by author Jay E. Adams was very inspiring to me. It appears to be based totally on the Word of God, which I also support as my personal approach to counseling. Psalms 119:24 King James Version â€Å"Thy testimonies also are my delight and my counselors.† Adams suggests that the process of change can only take place from the inside out (heart) and by using Christ ian principles. The heart has to be changed in order for a person’s behavior to change. 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Inventions Between 1900 and 1930 Free Essays

the time period between 1900 and 1930 saw many technological innovations, from the air conditioner to the disposable razor blade. From the tank to the cruise missile. Many of these inventions made our lives easier while others made them more deadly. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventions Between 1900 and 1930 or any similar topic only for you Order Now the first of these inventions is the air conditioner. While many inventers beforehand had made crude means of cooling the air, but all proved to be ineffective. the earliest method of cooling the air was putting bowls of ice in front of a fan and the resulting cool air cooled the room. On July 17th 1902 a young college graduate, Willis Havilland Carrier drew the plans for his first â€Å"Apparatus for treating air† which was granted its first patent in 1906. this great leap forward in human comfort was actually first made for a printing press where when it got humid it would cause the ink to smear. Carrier’s method of cooling the air involved using coiled copper tubing filled with liquid ammonia, which when air was blown over the coils would cause the moister to condensate giving him cool dry air. Cooling for human comfort, rather than industrial use, began in 1924, displayed by the three Carrier air conditioners installed in the J. L. Hudson Department Store in Michigan. in order to escape the heat the shoppers of Detroit all went to the â€Å"air conditioned† store. The rise in human cooling spread from the department stores to the movie theaters. It was a cool oasis in an other wise hot world. One of the more deadly inventions of the early 1900’s is the tank. The tank got its name because early in WW1 while it was under development the British didn’t want the Germans to find out what they were making so they shipped them as water tanks. While no one person can be credited with the invention of the tank it was the British who first used the tank in WW1. To come up with ideas for the tank, the Landship Committee was formed and their recommendations were that a vehicle firing a explosive shell should be made that could cross a standard German trench of 8 feet wide, and a 4 foot hill. Various designs were tried ranging from vehicles that â€Å"walked† to gigantic powered tires, but none were really successful, or strategically sound. then came the little Willie. the little Willie was the first modern version of a â€Å"tank† it was based on the tracks of farm equipment and earth moving machines. even though the little Willie was the first modern version of a tank it never saw combat as it was surpassed by an improved tank named â€Å"big Willie†. Big Willie was the first practical example of a tank as it was the first to be used on the battle field. With a top speed of 3 mph and armor up to 3 inches thick it was not the fastest nor best looking war machine out there but it did its job of providing cover for soldiers storming enemy trenches. Although Little Willie never saw combat and was redundant almost as soon as it was made, it represented a major step forward in early 1900’s technology. In contrast to the tank you have the Band Aid. Earle Dickson was employed as a bulk buyer of cotton for Johnson Johnson when he invented the band-aid in 1921. The reason that Earle invented the band aid was that his wife kept cutting her fingers in the kitchen while preparing food. The precursor to the band aid consisted of gauze and adhesive that the user applied themselves. Earle took a piece of gauze and stuck it to the middle of a piece of tape, and then covered the adhesive and gauze with a strip of crinoline, to keep it sterile. His boss, James Johnson, saw Earle Dickson’s invention and decided to manufacture band aids to the public and make Earle Dickson vice-president of Johnson Johnson. However ingenious his invention was it was slow to start. Until Jonson and Johnson started to give them to the boy scouts for free as a P. R. stunt and by 1924 band aids were machine made and sold in individually wrapped bandages, it wasn’t until 1934 that they switched to the vinyl tape we know today. The thirty years that followed the turn of the century saw some of the most technological advancements ever seen. From the air conditioner to the band aid, without the inventers of the early 1900s the world would still be stuck in a hot bloody band aid free world. How to cite Inventions Between 1900 and 1930, Papers